IS:tunnel

{{elementDocu |elementName=<tunnel> |parent=<tunnels> |childs=<additionalName> (introduced with version 2.1), <any>, <geoCoord>, <states>, <crossedElements> |minocc=0 |maxocc=∞ |semantics= A <tunnel> defines a tunnel as an infrastructure element and its attributes. |inheritedAttributes=

• id: XML-file-wide unique, machine-interpretable identity, required for later referencing that element internally. For a detailed explanation see Dev:identities.
  XML-Datei-weit eindeutige, maschineninterpretierbare Identität, die für die spätere interne Referenzierung dieses Elements erforderlich ist. Für eine detaillierte Erklärung siehe Dev:identities.
• code (introduced with version 2.1): Machine-interpretable string (e.g. an abbreviation) used for identification of the object across exchange partners, usecase specific uniqueness constraints may apply. Please see our description of the differences between id, code and human-readable identifiers.
  Maschineninterpretierbare Zeichenkette (z.B. Abkürzung), die zur Identifizierung des Objekts auch bei Austauschpartnern verwendet wird, wobei spezifische Eindeutigkeitsbeschränkungen gelten können. Bitte beachten Sie unsere Erläuterung zu den Unterschieden zwischen id, code and menschenlesbaren Kennzeichnungen.
• name: Established, human-readable short string, giving the object a name. Not intended for machine interpretation, please see our notice on human interpretable data fields.
  Etablierte, menschenlesbare kurze Zeichenkette, die das Objekt benennt. Nicht zur maschinellen Interpretation bestimmt, siehe Hinweise zu menschenlesbaren Datenfeldern.
• description: Human-readable, more detailed description as addition to the name. It should give additional explanations or hints to the contents of this element. Not intended for machine interpretation, please see our notice on human interpretable data fields.
  Menschenlesbare, detailliertere Beschreibung als Ergänzung zu name. Sie soll zusätzliche Erläuterungen oder Hinweise auf den Inhalt dieses Elements geben. Nicht zur maschinellen Interpretation bestimmt, siehe Hinweise zu menschenlesbaren Datenfeldern.
• xml:lang (introduced with version 2.1): This is a unique identifier of language. It uses basically the language standard IETF BCP 47 (external link) which may be different to ISO 639-1 (external link) or ISO 639-2 (external link). For mapping hints see relation to other standards (external link).
  This defines the language used for name and description. Use <additionalName> to provide a name and/or description in other languages.

• pos: This is the position on a track defined as distance from its start (trackBegin) regardless the "absolute mileage" in @absPos.
  Das ist die Position des Elements auf einem Track i.S. der realen Entfernung zum trackBegin. Sie ist damit unabhängig von der mit absPos modellierten Strecken-Kilometrierung.

🗒️ For an explanation of the differences between @pos and @absPos see <mileageChange>

• absPos: This is the position on a track as absolute mileage/chainage.
  Das ist die Position des Elements im Referenzsystem der Strecken-Kilometrierung.

🗒️ For an explanation of the differences between @pos and @absPos see <mileageChange>

• absPosOffset (deprecated with version 2.1): The semantics of this attribute aren't very clear. It seems to be redundant to the definitions with mileageChanges in "overlapping regions".
• dir: (deprecated with version 2.5) This defines the validity of <tunnel> along the track. Possible values are:

• up: This denotes the direction from the <trackBegin> to the <trackEnd> (increasing relative position values).
• down: This goes opposite to up (decreasing relative position values).
• unknown: <tunnel> is restricted to a certain direction, but this direction is not known.

|ownAttributes=

• length: length along the track in meters
• crossSection: the area of the tunnel cross section in square meters
• kind: Defines the (predominant) construction material of the tunnel wall (e.g. for determining the running resistance of trains). Possible values are:
  Definiert das (überwiegende) Baumaterial der Tunnelwand (z.B. zur Bestimmung des Fahrwiderstands der Züge). Mögliche Werte sind:

• natural stone: Original natural stone without any or with minimal treatment, usually more fissured
  (Original-) Naturstein ohne jegliche oder mit minimaler Behandlung, in der Regel stärker zerklüftet
• quarrystone: Quarry stone masonry with machined, levelled natural stones
  Bruchsteinmauerwerk mit bearbeiteten, geglätteten Natursteinen
• brick: Man made rectangular stone, which is made of dried clay
  Ziegelmauerwerk (künstlicher rechteckigem Stein, die aus getrocknetem Ton hergestellt ist)
• concrete: In situ or prefabricated concrete (mixture of cement, sand and water) or prefabricated concrete parts/tubbings, very smooth surface
  Ort- oder Lieferbeton (Mischung aus Zement, Sand und Wasser) oder Beton-Fertigteile/Tübbinge (Tübbing ()), sehr glatte Oberfläche
• other:anything: Any value that does not fit any value from the previous enumeration list, fulfilling the constraint: at minimum two characters, whitespace is not allowed. Please, apply Dev:usingAny accordingly.

• resistanceFactorPassenger (introduced with version 2.5):The tunnel resistance factor in kg/m for passenger trains. Please, be aware of the semantic constraint(s)!
• resistanceFactorFreight (introduced with version 2.5): The tunnel resistance factor in kg/m for freight trains. Please, be aware of the semantic constraint(s)!

|constraints=

• id: xs:ID, required
  a string, starting with a letter (a..zA..Z) or an underscore (_),
  followed by a non-colonized and non-spaced string consisting of letters, digits, points (.), dashes (-) or underscores (_)
• code: xs:string, optional
• name: xs:string, optional
• description: xs:string, optional
• xml:lang: xs:language, language identification, optional

• pos: tLengthM (xs:decimal, 6 fraction digits, length value measured in meter); required; must be greater than or equal to zero, less than or equal to the track's length
  
• absPos: tLengthM (xs:decimal, 6 fraction digits, length value measured in meter); optional
  
• absPosOffset: xs:decimal, 6 fraction digits, length value measured in meter; optional
• dir: xs:string, generic type for more constrained direction statements: enumeration up, down, unknown; derived from tLaxDirection; optional
  
• length optional
• crossSection optional

🗒️ Attention: in railML® the crossSection is given in metres (tLengthM), but to be understood and used as square metres.

• kind optional
• resistanceFactorPassenger: xs:double; optional
• resistanceFactorFreight: xs:double; optional

|semcon=

Proposed Semantic Constraint "IS:014":   Define the tunnel resistance factor @resistanceFactorPassenger resp. @resistanceFactorFreight only if @kind and @crossSection are not known.   Proposed on March 14th 2022 FIXME: add Link to discussion! Please, recognize our guidelines on semantic constraints

|bestpractice=

Tunnel Resistance Factor / Tunnelwiderstand /

When a train is driving through a tunnel, it experiences a massively increased aerodynamic resistance. The exact amount of air drag depends on several factors including the contour of the train, the cross section area of the tunnel, the tunnel shape and the roughness of the tunnel walls.

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